Volume 13 Issue 5
May  2023
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Yi-Xin Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Yu Bian, Ya-Jie Liu, Ai Ren, Yu Zhou, Du Shi, Xue-Song Feng. Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2023, 13(5): 442-462. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.007
Citation: Yi-Xin Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Yu Bian, Ya-Jie Liu, Ai Ren, Yu Zhou, Du Shi, Xue-Song Feng. Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 2023, 13(5): 442-462. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.007

Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods

doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.007
Funds:

This work was supported by the Scientific Research Project of the Department of Education of Liaoning Province, China (Grant No.: ZF2019036).

  • Received Date: Dec. 25, 2022
  • Accepted Date: Mar. 25, 2023
  • Rev Recd Date: Mar. 10, 2023
  • Publish Date: Apr. 01, 2023
  • Benzodiazepines (BDZs) are used in clinics for anxiolysis, anticonvulsants, sedative hypnosis, and muscle relaxation. They have high consumptions worldwide because of their easy availability and potential addiction. They are often used for suicide or criminal practices such as abduction and drug-facilitated sexual assault. The pharmacological effects of using small doses of BDZs and their detections from complex biological matrices are challenging. Efficient pretreatment methods followed by accurate and sensitive detections are necessary. Herein, pretreatment methods for the extraction, enrichment, and preconcentration of BDZs as well as the strategies for their screening, identification, and quantitation developed in the past five years have been reviewed. Moreover, recent advances in various methods are summarized. Characteristics and advantages of each method are encompassed. Future directions of the pretreatment and detection methods for BDZs are also reviewed.
  • loading
  • J. Rehm, K.D. Shield, Global burden of disease and the impact of mental and addictive disorders, Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 21 (2019), 10.
    R. Room, P. Reuter, How well do international drug conventions protect public health? Lancet 379 (2012) 84-91.
    C.A. Cadogan, C.P. Bradley, K. Bennett, Impact of changes in controlled drugs legislation on benzodiazepine receptor agonist prescribing in Ireland: A repeated cross-sectional study, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 77 (2021) 903-912.
    GOV.UK, Guidance. List of Most Commonly Encountered Drugs Currently Controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Legislation. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/controlled-drugs-list-2/list-of-most-commonly-encountered-drugs-currently-controlled-under-the-misuse-of-drugs-legislation (Updated 8 August 2022). (Accessed 26 November 2017).
    World Health Organization, WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: Thirty-seventh report. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/915974/retrieve. (Accessed 5 April 2016).
    U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA requiring Boxed Warning updated to improve safe use of benzodiazepine drug class, Includes potential for abuse, addiction, and other serious risks. https://www.fda.gov/media/142368/download. (Accessed 11 October 2020).
    C. Mathieu, P. Joly, H. Jacqmin-Gadda, et al., Patterns of benzodiazepine use and excess risk of all-cause mortality in the elderly: A nationwide cohort study, Drug Saf. 44 (2021) 53-62.
    E.C. Sun, A. Dixit, K. Humphreys, et al., Association between concurrent use of prescription opioids and benzodiazepines and overdose: Retrospective analysis, BMJ 356 (2017), j760.
    A. Hughes, M.R. Williams, R.N. Lipari, et al., Prescription drug use and misuse in the United States: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FFR2-2015/NSDUH-FFR2-2015.pdf. (Accessed 26 October 2016).
    S. Liu, J. O’Donnell, R.M. Gladden, et al., Trends in nonfatal and fatal overdoses involving benzodiazepines - 38 states and the District of Columbia, 2019-2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70 (2021) 1136-1141.
    X.-M. Zhong, F. Wang, Q. Zhang, et al., Concurrent benzodiazepine use in older adults treated with antidepressants in Asia, Int. Psychogeriatr. 31 (2019) 685-691.
    K. Inada, M. Enomoto, K. Yamato, et al., Prescribing pattern of hypnotic medications in patients initiating treatment at Japanese hospitals: A nationwide, retrospective, longitudinal, observational study using a claims database Drugs Real World Outcomes 8 (2021) 277-288.
    M.H. Lee, J.-W. Choi, J. Lee, et al., Trends in prescriptions for sedative-hypnotics among Korean adults: A nationwide prescription database study for 2011-2015, Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 54 (2019) 477-484.
    L. Mo, D. Ding, S.-Y. Pu, et al., Patients aged 80 years or older are encountered more potentially inappropriate medication use, Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 129 (2016) 22-27.
    Y. Jiang, Q. Xia, J. Wang, et al., Insomnia, benzodiazepine use, and falls among residents in long-term care facilities, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16 (2019), 4623.
    K. Donnelly, R. Bracchi, J. Hewitt, et al., Benzodiazepines, Z-drugs and the risk of hip fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS One 12 (2017), e0174730.
    D.T. Maust, L.A. Lin, F.C. Blow, Benzodiazepine use and misuse among adults in the United States, Psychiatr. Serv. 70 (2019) 97-106.
    J.-M. Cloos, C.Y.S. Lim Cow, V. Bocquet, Benzodiazepine high-doses: The need for an accurate definition, Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res. 30 (2021), e1888.
    Z. Qriouet, Z. Qmichou, N. Bouchoutrouch, et al., Analytical methods used for the detection and quantification of benzodiazepines, J. Anal. Methods Chem. 2019 (2019), 2035492.
    K.C. Honeychurch, Review of electroanalytical-based approaches for the determination of benzodiazepines, Biosensors (Basel) 9 (2019), 130.
    M. Dziadosz, J. Teske, K. Henning, et al., LC-MS/MS screening strategy for cannabinoids, opiates, amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines and methadone in human serum, urine and post-mortem blood as an effective alternative to immunoassay based methods applied in forensic toxicology for preliminary examination, Forensic Chem. 7 (2018) 33-37.
    M. Vosough, N.J. Iravani, Matrix-free analysis of selected benzodiazepines in human serum samples using alternating trilinear decomposition modeling of fast liquid chromatography diode array detection data, Talanta 148 (2016) 454-462.
    S. Thangadurai, Simultaneous method for the separation and identification of certain benzodiazepine drugs in pharmaceutical formulations by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), Foresic Res. Criminol. Int. J. 5 (2017), 00140.
    M. Pettersson Bergstrand, A. Helander, T. Hansson, et al., Detectability of designer benzodiazepines in CEDIA, EMIT II Plus, HEIA, and KIMS II immunochemical screening assays, Drug Test. Anal. 9 (2017) 640-645.
    K. Soltaninejad, M. Karimi, A. Nateghi, et al., Simultaneous determination of six benzodiazepines in spiked soft drinks by high performance liquid chromatography with ultra violet detection (HPLC-UV), Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 15 (2016) 457-463.
    J.M. Garland, J.D. Hull, C.L. Bender, L. Marshall, A.C. Holt, Evidence of designer benzodiazepine use in routine healthcare urine drug specimens, J. Addict. Med. 16 (2022) 354-356.
    M. Pettersson Bergstrand, M.R. Meyer, O. Beck, et al., Human urinary metabolic patterns of the designer benzodiazepines flubromazolam and pyrazolam studied by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, Drug Test. Anal. 10 (2018) 496-506.
    . M. Pettersson Bergstrand, O. Beck, A. Helander, Urine analysis of 28 designer benzodiazepines by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, Clin. Mass Spectrom. 10 (2018) 25-32.
    S. Dunlop, K. Hayes, P. Leavy, et al., An atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of benzodiazepines in urine, J. Chromatogr. B 1064 (2017) 22-27.
    S. Thangadurai, M. Kulantheswaran, B. Kanagaraj, Simultaneous separation and detection of clobazam, clonazepam, flurazepam and midazolam in pharmaceutical dosage form by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography, Malays. J. Forensic Sci. 7 (2016) 1-9.
    R. Jain, A. Sinha, N. Kumari, et al., A polyaniline/graphene oxide nanocomposite as a voltammetric sensor for electroanalytical detection of clonazepam, Anal. Methods 8 (2016) 3034-3045.
    T. Galaon, C. Vacaresteanu, D.F. Anghel, et al., Simultaneous ESI-APCI+ ionization and fragmentation pathways for nine benzodiazepines and zolpidem using single quadrupole LC-MS, Drug Test. Anal. 6 (2014) 439-450.
    M. Swiadro, P. Stelmaszczyk, R. Wietecha-Posluszny, et al., Development of a new method for drug detection based on a combination of the dried blood spot method and capillary electrophoresis, J. Chromatogr. B 1157 (2020), 122339.
    A. Wozniakiewicz, R. Wietecha-Posluszny, M. Wozniakiewicz, et al., Development of the MAE/UHPLC-MS-TOF method for determination of benzodiazepines in human bio-fluids for toxicological analysis, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 108 (2015) 97-101.
    N. Karlonas, A. Padarauskas, A. Ramanavicius, et al., Mixed-mode SPE for a multi-residue analysis of benzodiazepines in whole blood using rapid GC with negative-ion chemical ionization MS, J. Sep. Sci. 36 (2013) 1437-1445.
    A.V. de Bairros, R.M. de Almeida, L. Pantaleao, et al., Determination of low levels of benzodiazepines and their metabolites in urine by hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), J. Chromatogr. B 975 (2015) 24-33.
    I. Alvarez-Freire, P. Brunetti, P. Cabarcos-Fernandez, et al., Determination of benzodiazepines in pericardial fluid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 159 (2018) 45-52.
    I.I. Papoutsis, S.A. Athanaselis, P.D. Nikolaou, et al., Development and validation of an EI-GC-MS method for the determination of benzodiazepine drugs and their metabolites in blood: applications in clinical and forensic toxicology, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 52 (2010) 609-614.
    J. Déglon, F. Versace, E. Lauer, et al., Automated 96-well plate extraction of dried blood spots for the rapid LC-MS/MS target screening of benzodiazepines. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234077870_Automated_96-well_plate_extraction_of_dried_blood_spots_for_the_rapid_LC-MSMS_target_screening_of_benzodiazepines/link/0fcfd50ee71e2829d8000000/download. (Accessed 26 September 2021).
    F.S. Mirnaghi, J. Pawliszyn, Reusable solid-phase microextraction coating for direct immersion whole-blood analysis and extracted blood spot sampling coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and direct analysis in real time-tandem mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem. 84 (2012) 8301-8309.
    O. Beck, N. Stephanson, S. Sandqvist, et al., Detection of drugs of abuse in exhaled breath from users following recovery from intoxication, J. Anal. Toxicol. 36 (2012) 638-646.
    A. Furugen, A. Nishimura, M. Kobayashi, et al., Quantification of eight benzodiazepines in human breastmilk and plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Application to evaluation of alprazolam transfer into breastmilk, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 168 (2019) 83-93.
    M. Svidrnoch, B. Boranova, J. Tomkova, et al., Simultaneous determination of designer benzodiazepines in human serum using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis - Tandem mass spectrometry with successive multiple ionic - Polymer layer coated capillary, Talanta 176 (2018) 69-76.
    J. Tomkova, M. Svidrnoch, V. Maier, et al., Analysis of selected designer benzodiazepines by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the estimation of their partition coefficients by micellar electrokinetic chromatography, J. Sep. Sci. 40 (2017) 2037-2044.
    E. Bazmi, B. Behnoush, M. Akhgari, et al., Quantitative analysis of benzodiazepines in vitreous humor by high-performance liquid chromatography, SAGE Open Med. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312116666243.
    B. Behnoush, A. Sheikhazadi, E. Bazmi, et al., Comparison of UHPLC and HPLC in benzodiazepines analysis of postmortem samples: A case-control study, Medicine (Baltimore) 94 (2015), e640.
    P. Kintz, C. Richeval, C. Jamey, et al., Detection of the designer benzodiazepine metizolam in urine and preliminary data on its metabolism, Drug Test Anal. 9 (2017) 1026-1033.
    F. Soltanmohammadi, M. Afshar Moghadam, M. Khoubnasabjafari, et al., Development of salt induced liquid-liquid extraction combined with amine based deep eutectic solvent-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; an efficient analytical method for determination of three anti-seizures in urine samples, Pharm. Sci. 26 (2020) 323-331.
    S. Bidny, K. Gago, P. Chung, et al., Simultaneous screening and quantification of basic, neutral and acidic drugs in blood using UPLC-QTOF-MS, J. Anal. Toxicol. 41 (2017) 181-195.
    K. Arnhard, R. Schmid, U. Kobold, et al., Rapid detection and quantification of 35 benzodiazepines in urine by GC-TOF-MS, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 403 (2012) 755-768.
    E.N. Sauve, M. Langoedegard, D. Ekeberg, et al., Determination of benzodiazepines in ante-mortem and post-mortem whole blood by solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction and UPLC-MS/MS, J. Chromatogr. B 883-884 (2012) 177-188.
    C. de Paula, M. Jurisch, E. Piccin, et al., Recognizing drug-facilitated crimes: Detection and quantification of benzodiazepines in beverages using fast liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning and paper spray mass spectrometry, Drug Test Anal. 10 (2018) 1348-1357.
    E.J. Magalhaes, C.C. Nascentes, R. Augusti, et al., Fast determination of benzodiazepines in human urine via liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning and LC-HRMS, Am. J. Analyt. Chem. 03 (2012) 118-124.
    A.B. Tabrizi, M. Harasi, Applying cloud point extraction technique for the extraction of oxazepam from human urine as a colour or fluorescent derivative prior to spectroscopic analysis methods, Drug Test. Anal. 4 (2012) 145-150.
    J. Liu, A. Wurita, X. Wei, et al., Supramolecular solvent (SUPRASs) extraction method for detecting benzodiazepines and zolpidem in human urine and blood using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 48 (2021), 101822.
    G.-Q. Jin, W.-X. Jian, W.-F. He, Practical application of liquid-phase microextraction for poison analysis, Legality Vis. 12 (2017) 126-127, +77.
    Z.-X. Geng, Q.-L. Zou, LPME-GC-MS determination of 3 benzodiazepine drugs in blood with hollow fiber membranes, PTCA (Part B Chem. Anal.) 54 (2018) 1334-1338.
    F. Rezaei, Y. Yamini, M. Moradi, et al., Supramolecular solvent-based hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction of benzodiazepines, Anal. Chim. Acta 804 (2013) 135-142.
    A. Nazaripour, Y. Yamini, B. Ebrahimpour, et al., Automated hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction followed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for the determination of benzodiazepine drugs in biological samples, J. Sep. Sci. 39 (2016) 2595-2603.
    M. Hemmati, M. Rajabi, A. Asghari, A twin purification/enrichment procedure based on two versatile solid/liquid extracting agents for efficient uptake of ultra-trace levels of lorazepam and clonazepam from complex bio-matrices, J. Chromatogr. A 1524 (2017) 1-12.
    M. Ghadi, M.R. Hadjmohammadi, Extraction and determination of three benzodiazepines in aqueous and biological samples by air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography,J. Iran. Chem. Soc.,16, 2019, 1147-1155
    I. Oledzka, Z. Kulinska, A. Prahl, et al., Simultaneous separation of eight benzodiazepines in human urine using field-amplified sample stacking micellar electrokinetic chromatography, J. Anal. Toxicol. 39 (2015) 436-443.
    M. De Boeck, S. Missotten, W. Dehaen, et al., Development and validation of a fast ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure combined with LC-MS/MS analysis for the quantification of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like hypnotics in whole blood, Forensic Sci. Int. 274 (2017) 44-54.
    M. De Boeck, G. Damilano, W. Dehaen, et al., Evaluation of 11 ionic liquids as potential extraction solvents for benzodiazepines from whole blood using liquid-liquid microextraction combined with LC-MS/MS, Talanta 184 (2018) 369-374.
    M. De Boeck, W. Dehaen, J. Tytgat, et al., Ionic liquid-based liquid-liquid microextraction for benzodiazepine analysis in postmortem blood samples, J. Forensic Sci. 63 (2018) 1875-1879.
    R. Wielens Becker, M.L. Wilde, D. Salmoria Araujo, et al., Proposal of a new, fast, cheap, and easy method using DLLME for extraction and preconcentration of diazepam and its transformation products generated by a solar photo-Fenton process, Water Res. 184 (2020), 116183.
    M. Ghobadi, Y. Yamini, B. Ebrahimpour, SPE coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by GC with flame ionization detection for the determination of ultra-trace amounts of benzodiazepines, J. Sep. Sci. 37 (2014) 287-294.
    M. Ghambarian, F. Tajabadi, Y. Yamini, et al., Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction using an immiscible organic solvent for determination of benzodiazepines in water, urine, and plasma samples, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 114198-114207.
    M. Fisichella, S. Odoardi, S. Strano-Rossi, High-throughput dispersive liquid/liquid microextraction (DLLME) method for the rapid determination of drugs of abuse, benzodiazepines and other psychotropic medications in blood samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and application to forensic cases, Microchem. J. 123 (2015) 33-41.
    M. Piergiovanni, A. Cappiello, G. Famiglini, et al., Determination of benzodiazepines in beverages using green extraction methods and capillary HPLC-UV detection, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 154 (2018) 492-500.
    F. Vincenti, C. Montesano, P. Babino, et al., Finding evidence at a crime scene: Sensitive determination of benzodiazepine residues in drink and food paraphernalia by HPLC-HRMS/MS, Forensic Chem. 23 (2021), 100327.
    L. Meng, B. Zhu, K. Zheng, et al., Ultrasound-assisted low-density solvent dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of 4 designer benzodiazepines in urine samples by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. B 1053 (2017) 9-15.
    S. Farsimadan, N. Goudarzi, M.A. Chamjangali, et al., Optimization of ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets by experimental design methodologies for determination of three anti-anxiety drugs in human serum and urine samples by high performance liquid chromatography, Microchem. J. 128 (2016) 47-54.
    N. Goudarzi, S. Farsimadan, M.A. Chamjangali, et al., Optimization of modified dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous preconcentration and determination of nitrazepam and midazolam drugs: An experimental design, J. Sep. Sci. 38 (2015) 1673-1679.
    N. Goudarzi, M. Amirnavaee, M. Arab Chamjangali, et al., Application of ultrasound-assisted surfactant-enhanced emulsification microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplets and high performance liquid chromatography for preconcentration and determination of alprazolam and chlordiazepoxide in human serum samples, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 55 (2017) 669-675.
    L. Vardal, E.L. OEiestad, A. Gjelstad, et al., Electromembrane extraction of substances with weakly basic properties: A fundamental study with benzodiazepines, Bioanalysis 10 (2018) 769-781.
    K.M. Ara, F. Raofie, S. Seidi, Simultaneous extraction and determination of trace amounts of olanzapine and fluoxetine from biological fluids: Comparison of conventional hollow fiber supported liquid phase microextraction and pulsed electrically assisted liquid-phase microextraction techniques, Anal. Methods 7 (2015) 7840-7851.
    M. Sheikh, M.R. Hadjmohammadi, M.H. Fatemi, Simultaneous extraction and analysis of clozapine and lorazepam from human plasma using dual solvent-stir bar microextraction with different acceptor phases followed by high-performance liquid chromatography ultra-violet detection, Anal. Methods 13 (2021) 110-116.
    S. Shahraki, H. Ahmar, M. Nejati-Yazdinejad, Electrochemical determination of nitrazepam by switchable solvent based liquid-liquid microextraction combined with differential pulse voltammetry, Microchem. J. 142 (2018) 229-235.
    S.K. Kailasa, J.R. Koduru, T.J. Park, et al., Applications of single-drop microextraction in analytical chemistry: A review, Trends Envir. Anal. Chem. 29 (2021), e00113.
    L. Vardal, G. Wong, A.M.L. OEiestad, et al., Rapid determination of designer benzodiazepines, benzodiazepines, and Z-hypnotics in whole blood using parallel artificial liquid membrane extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 410 (2018) 4967-4978.
    S. Pedersen-Bjergaard, K.E. Rasmussen, Electrokinetic migration across artificial liquid membranes. New concept for rapid sample preparation of biological fluids, J. Chromatogr. A 1109 (2006) 183-190.
    J.A. Ocana-Gonzalez, R. Fernandez-Torre, M.A. Bello-Lopez, et al., New developments in microextraction techniques in bioanalysis. A review, Anal Chim. Acta 905 (2016) 8-23.
    A.C. da Silva, G. Mafra, D. Spudeit, et al., Magnetic ionic liquids as an efficient tool for the multiresidue screening of organic contaminants in river water samples, Sep. Sci. Plus 2 (2019) 51-58.
    D.S. Chormey, B.T. Zaman, N.A. Kasa, et al., Liquid phase microextraction strategies and their application in the determination of endocrine disruptive compounds in food samples, Trends Anal. Chem. 128 (2020), 115917.
    R. Kaartama, P. Jarho, J. Savolainen, et al., Determination of midazolam and 1-hydroxymidazolam from plasma by gas chromatography coupled to methane negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry after sublingual administration of midazolam, J. Chromatogr. B 879 (2011) 1668-1676.
    Q. Yuan, Z. Liao, F. Wang, et al., A rapid hilic method for analysis of diazepam and estazolam in human plasma, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 36 (2013) 958-967.
    X.-P. Lee, Y. Shouji, T. Kumazawa, et al., Rapid and highly sensitive analysis of benzodiazepines and tandospirone in human plasma by automated on-line column-switching UFLC-MS/MS, Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 24 (2017) 36-55.
    K. Kuwayama, H. Miyaguchi, T. Kanamori, et al., Development of the selective concentration analytical method for drug-containing hair regions based on micro-segmental analysis to identify a trace amount of drug in hair: Hair analysis following single-dose ingestion of midazolam, Forensic Toxicol. 39 (2021) 156-166.
    A. Lopez-Rabunal, E. Lendoiro, M. Concheiro, et al., LC-MS-MS method for the determination of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in meconium, J. Anal. Toxicol. 44 (2020) 580-588.
    M. Cobo-Golpe, A. de-Castro-Rios, A. Cruz, et al., Determination of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in paired hair and nail samples, Forensic Sci. Int. 326 (2021), 110935.
    Chromatography Today, A simplified mixed-mode sample preparation strategy for the LC-MS/MS analysis of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs for forensic toxicology. https://www.chromatographytoday.com/. (Accessed on 20 April 2022).
    M. Degreef, L. Vits, E.M. Berry, et al., Quantification of 54 benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, including 20 designer ones, in plasma, J. Anal. Toxicol. 45 (2021) 141-153.
    F. Bravo, C. Lobos, K. Venegas, et al., Development and validation of a GC-NPD/micro-ECD method using dual column for the determination of benzodiazepine in human whole blood and plasma, J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 55 (2010) 454-457.
    M. Moretti, F. Freni, I. Tomaciello, et al., Determination of benzodiazepines in blood and in dried blood spots collected from post-mortem samples and evaluation of the stability over a three-month period, Drug Test. Anal. 11 (2019) 1403-1411.
    F.G. de Araujo, G.F. Bauerfeldt, M. Marques, et al., Development and validation of an analytical method for the detection and quantification of bromazepam, clonazepam and diazepam by UPLC-MS/MS in surface water, Bull Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 103 (2019) 362-366.
    V. Mei, M. Concheiro, J. Pardi, et al., Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of 13 designer benzodiazepines in blood, J. Anal. Toxicol. 43 (2019) 688-695.
    S. Sofalvi, E.S. Lavins, C.K. Kaspar, et al., Development and validation of an LC-MS-MS method for the detection of 40 benzodiazepines and three Z-drugs in blood and urine by solid-phase extraction, J. Anal. Toxicol. 44 (2020) 708-717.
    S.L. Hansen, M.K.K. Nielsen, K. Linnet, et al., Simple implementation of muscle tissue into routine workflow of blood analysis in forensic cases - A validated method for quantification of 29 drugs in postmortem blood and muscle samples by UHPLC-MS/MS, Forensic Sci. Int. 325 (2021), 110901.
    F. Jiang, Y. Rao, R. Wang, et al., Sensitive, automatic method for the determination of diazepam and its five metabolites in human oral fluid by online solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, J. Sep. Sci. 39 (2016) 1873-1883.
    L. Du, S. Xu, H. Wu, et al., Facile fabrication of diatomite-supported ZIF-8 composite for solid-phase extraction of benzodiazepines in urine samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatography, Molecules 26 (2021), 5209.
    X. Li, X. Mei, L. Xu, et al., Development and application of novel clonazepam molecularly imprinted coatings for stir bar sorptive extraction, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 468 (2016) 183-191.
    M. Vahidifar, Z. Es’haghi, Development of a disposable electrochemical sensor based on nanocomposite/ionic liquid assisted hollow fiber-graphite electrode for measurement of lorazepam using central composite design, Anal. Bioanal. Electrochem. 12 (2020) 712-732.
    E. Esmaeili-Shahri, Z. Es’haghi, Superparamagnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 core-shell composite nanoparticles for the mixed hemimicelle solid-phase extraction of benzodiazepines from hair and wastewater samples before high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, J. Sep. Sci. 38 (2015) 4095-4104.
    J. An, Z. Dong, W. Zhang, et al., Development of a simple nanofiber-based solid phase extraction procedure coupled with high performance liquid chromatography analysis for the quantification of eight sedative-hypnotic drugs in human urine samples, Microchem. J. 168 (2021), 106475.
    X.-M. He, L. Li, P.-F. Yu, et al., Determination of 10 benzodiazepines in urine of domestic animals by HPLC-MS/MS with MSPE using magnetic graphene as adsorbent, PTCA (Part B Chem. Anal.) 55 (2019) 4-9.
    O.-E. Plastiras, E. Deliyanni, V. Samanidou, Synthesis and application of the magnetic nanocomposite GO-chm for the extraction of benzodiazepines from surface water samples prior to HPLC-PDA analysis, App. Sci. 11 (2021), 7828.
    A.N. Hasanah, I. Susanti, M. Marcellino, et al., Microsphere molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for diazepam analysis using itaconic acid as a monomer in propanol, Open Chem. 19 (2021) 604-613.
    F. Varenne, P. Kadhirvel, P. Bosman, et al., Synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective extraction of oxazepam from complex environmental and biological samples, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 414 (2022) 451-463.
    T. Zhao, L. Du, Z. Zhang, et al., A poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith for direct solid-phase extraction of benzodiazepines from undiluted human urine, Anal. Methods 12 (2020) 3924-3932.
    L. Magrini, A. Cappiello, G. Famiglini, et al., Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS)-UHPLC-UV: A simple and efficient method for the determination of five benzodiazepines in an alcoholic beverage J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 125 (2016) 48-53.
    N. Rahbar, F. Ahmadi, Z. Ramezani, et al., Calcium/copper alginate framework doped with CuO nanoparticles as a novel adsorbent for micro-extraction of benzodiazepines from human serum, Curr. Pharm. Anal. 17 (2021) 668-678.
    C. Vejar-Vivar, L. Bustamante, R. Lucena, et al., Direct coupling of MEPS to ESI-QqTOF-MS for the simultaneous analysis of tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines in postmortem blood, Microchem. J. 171 (2021), 106797.
    W.-H. Huang, X. Xia, M.-H. Hu, Determination of 11 benzodiazepine drugs in urine with QuEChERS-on line gel permeation chromatography-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Chin. J. Anal. Lab. 38 (2019) 43-46.
    C.P. da Silva, L.P.P. Dal Piaz, F.E. Gerbase, et al., Simple extraction of toxicologically relevant psychotropic compounds and metabolites from whole blood using mini-QuEChERS followed by UPLC-MS/MS analysis, Biomed. Chromatogr. 35 (2021), e5142.
    G. Famiglini, F. Capriotti, P. Palma, et al., The rapid measurement of benzodiazepines in a milk-based alcoholic beverage using QuEChERS extraction and GC-MS analysis, J. Anal. Toxicol. 39 (2015) 306-312.
    Y. Kaki, M. Fujishiro, X.-P. Lee, et al., Sensitive determination of midazolam and propofol in human plasma by GC-MS/MS, Forensic Toxicol. 38 (2020) 409-419.
    T.-X. Yu, Y.-J. Han, Y. Zhang, et al., Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles based QuEChERS pretreatment method combined with GC-MS technology for simultaneous detection of multiple benzodiazepine drugs in blood, Chin. J. Anal. Lab. 37 (2018) 450-453.
    Z.-L. Li, Z.-Y. Zhang, T.-W. Zhao, et al., In-situ fabrication of zeolite imidazole framework@hydroxyapatite composite for dispersive solid-phase extraction of benzodiazepines and their determination with high-performance liquid chromatography-VWD detection, Mikrochim. Acta 187 (2020), 540.
    F. Samadi, A. Sarafraz-Yazdi, Z. Es’haghi, An insight into the determination of trace levels of benzodiazepines in biometric systems: Use of crab shell powder as an environmentally friendly biosorbent, J. Chromatogr. B 1092 (2018) 58-64.
    H. Peltenburg, N. Timmer, I.J. Bosman, et al., Sorption of structurally different ionized pharmaceutical and illicit drugs to a mixed-mode coated microsampler, J. Chromatogr. A 1447 (2016) 1-8.
    L.C.C. Abrao, E.C. Figueiredo, A new restricted access molecularly imprinted fiber for direct solid phase microextraction of benzodiazepines from plasma samples, Analyst 144 (2019) 4320-4330.
    R. Alizadeh, M. Salami, S. Seidi, A silica fiber coated with a ZnO-graphene oxide nanocomposite with high specific surface for use in solid phase microextraction of the antiepileptic drugs diazepam and oxazepam, Mikrochim. Acta 185 (2018), 312.
    W. Yao, Z. Fan, S. Zhang, Poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-N-vinylcarbazole) monolithic column for the enrichment of trace benzodiazepines from urine and beer samples, J. Sep. Sci. 40 (2017) 1369-1376.
    W. Yao, Z. Fan, S. Zhang, Graphene-modified monolithic capillary column for the microextraction of trace benzodiazepines in biological samples, Analy. Lett. 50 (2017) 2869-2883.
    S. Nakhodchi, N. Alizadeh, Rapid simultaneous determination of ketamine and midazolam in biological samples using ion mobility spectrometry combined by headspace solid-phase microextraction, J. Chromatogr. A 1658 (2021), 462609.
    E. Barati, N. Alizadeh, Simultaneous determination of sertraline, imipramine and alprazolam in human plasma samples using headspace solid phase microextraction based on a nanostructured polypyrrole fiber coupled to ion mobility spectrometry, Anal. Methods 12 (2020) 930-937.
    W. Yao, Z. Fan, S. Zhang, Poly(N-vinylcarbazole-co-divinylbenzene) monolith microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography-high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry to analyse benzodiazepines in beer and urine, J. Chromatogr. A 1465 (2016) 55-62.
    M.F. Mirabelli, E. Gionfriddo, J. Pawliszyn, et al., Fast screening of illicit drugs in beverages and biological fluids by direct coupling of thin film microextraction to dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry, Analyst 144 (2019) 2788-2796.
    . L. Sobczak, D. Kolodziej, K. Gorynski, Modifying current thin-film microextraction (TFME) solutions for analyzing prohibited substances: Evaluating new coatings using liquid chromatography, J. Pharm. Anal. 12 (2022) 470-480.
    S. Shiri, K. Alizadeh, N. Abbasi, A novel technique for simultaneous determination of drugs using magnetic nanoparticles based dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction in biological fluids and wastewaters, MethodsX 7 (2020), 100952.
    A.A. Pebdani, S. Khodadoust, M.S. Talebianpoor, et al., Preconcentration and determination of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam drugs using dispersive nanomaterial-ultrasound assisted microextraction method followed by high performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. B 1008 (2016) 146-155.
    S. Amini, H. Ebrahimzadeh, S. Seidi, et al., Polyacrylonitrile/MIL-53(Fe) electrospun nanofiber for pipette-tip micro solid phase extraction of nitrazepam and oxazepam followed by HPLC analysis, Mikrochim. Acta 187 (2020), 152.
    T. Sun, M.M. Ali, D. Wang, et al., On-site rapid screening of benzodiazepines in dietary supplements using pipette-tip micro-solid phase extraction coupled to ion mobility spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A 1610 (2020), 460547.
    M. Torabizadeh, Z. Talebpour, N. Adib, et al., Preparation of a novel sorptive stir bar based on vinylpyrrolidone-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate monolithic polymer for the simultaneous extraction of diazepam and nordazepam from human plasma, J. Sep. Sci. 39 (2016) 1316-1325.
    S.M. Ahmad, J.M.F. Nogueira, High throughput bar adsorptive microextraction: A novel cost-effective tool for monitoring benzodiazepines in large number of biological samples, Talanta 199 (2019) 195-202.
    V. Samanidou, I. Kaltzi, A. Kabir, et al., Simplifying sample preparation using fabric phase sorptive extraction technique for the determination of benzodiazepines in blood serum by high-performance liquid chromatography, Biomed. Chromatogr. 30 (2016) 829-836.
    K.M. Evans-Nguyen, T.L. Hargraves, A.N. Quinto, Immunoaffinity nanogold coupled with direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry for analytical toxicology, Anal. Methods 9 (2017) 4954-4957.
    H.L. Lord, X. Zhang, F.M. Musteata, et al., In vivo solid-phase microextraction for monitoring intravenous concentrations of drugs and metabolites, Nat. Protoc. 6 (2011) 896-924.
    S. Ghiasikhou, M.F. da Silva, Y. Zhu, et al., The capillary gap sampler, a new microfluidic platform for direct coupling of automated solid-phase microextraction with ESI-MS, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 409 (2017) 6873-6883.
    F.S. Mirnaghi, Y. Chen, L.M. Sidisky, et al., Optimization of the coating procedure for a high-throughput 96-blade solid phase microextraction system coupled with LC-MS/MS for analysis of complex samples, Anal. Chem. 83 (2011) 6018-6025.
    F.S. Mirnaghi, M.R.N. Monton, J. Pawliszyn, Thin-film octadecyl-silica glass coating for automated 96-blade solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of benzodiazepines, J. Chromatogr. A 1246 (2012) 2-8.
    C. Hu, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhou, et al., Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine and related compounds in the environment: Recent updates on pretreatment, analysis, and removal techniques, J Hazard. Mater. 432 (2022), 128708.
    J.M.F. Nogueira, Stir-bar sorptive extraction: 15 years making sample preparation more environment-friendly, Trends Anal. Chem. 71 (2015) 214-223.
    B. Yu, Z. Yuan, Z. Yu, et al., BTEX in the environment: An update on sources, fate, distribution, pretreatment, analysis, and removal techniques, Chem. Eng. J. 435 (2022), 134825.
    Y. Qu, Y. Lu, N. Feng, et al., Determination of thirteen sedative residues in meat by matrix solid phase dispersion-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, Food Sci. 33 (2012) 252-255.
    H. Yang, L. Li, H. Cao, et al., Silica supported metal organic framework 808 composites as adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of benzodiazepines in urine sample, Microchem. J. 157 (2020), 105062.
    A. Bakhshi, A.P. Daryasari, M. Soleimani, A molecularly imprinted polymer as the adsorbent for the selective determination of oxazepam in urine and plasma samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, J. Anal. Chem. 76 (2021) 1414-1421.
    J.F. da Silveira Petruci, M.G. Liebetanz, A.A. Cardoso, et al., Absorbance detector for high performance liquid chromatography based on a deep-UV light-emitting diode at 235nm, J. Chromatogr. A 1512 (2017) 143-146.
    K.E. Beidler, High performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) separation of designer benzodiazepines [master’s thesis], Allenton, Pennsylvania: Cedar Crest College, 2021.
    W.J.L. Lim, A.T.W. Yap, M. Mangudi, et al., Detection of phenazepam in illicitly manufactured Erimin 5 tablets, Drug Test. Anal. 9 (2017) 293-305.
    I. Martins, L. de Souza Canaes, K.M. Doretto, et al., Boron-doped diamond electrode coupled to liquid chromatography: Application to simultaneous determination of benzodiazepines, Electroanalysis 22 (2010) 455-462.
    K.C. Honeychurch, G.M. Davidson, E. Brown, et al., Novel reductive-reductive mode electrochemical detection of Rohypnol following liquid chromatography and its determination in coffee, Anal. Chim. Acta 853 (2015) 222-227.
    S. Karampela, I. Vardakou, I. Papoutsis, et al., Direct urine analysis for the identification and quantification of selected benzodiazepines for toxicology screening, J. Chromatogr. B 902 (2012) 42-46.
    R. Peter, A. Wicht, B. Moosmann, et al., Semi-quantitative determination of designer benzodiazepines in serum by adaption of an automated LC-MSn screening approach, Toxicol. Anal. Clinique 29 (2017) S59-S60.
    H.-H. Sun, J.-J. Zhong, Simultaneous analysis of 8 benzodiazepines in blood by LC-MS/MS, Chem. Engineer 30 (2016) 30-32, 45.
    M. Licata, C. Rustichelli, F. Palazzoli, et al., Hair testing in clinical setting: Simultaneous determination of 50 psychoactive drugs and metabolites in headache patients by LC tandem MS, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 126 (2016) 14-25.
    J.-J. Hu, F. Liu, W.-J. Ma, et al., Determination of eight benzodiazepines in blood by high-performance liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry, J. Instrumen. Anal. 40 (2021) 577-582.
    M. Mazzarino, L. Cesarei, X. de la Torre, et al., A multi-targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry screening procedure for the detection in human urine of drugs non-prohibited in sport commonly used by the athletes J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 117 (2016) 47-60.
    A.M. Ares-Fuentes, R.A. Lorenzo, P. Fernandez, et al., An analytical strategy for designer benzodiazepines and Z-hypnotics determination in plasma samples using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry after microextraction by packed sorbent, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 194 (2021), 113779.
    N. Caballero-Casero, L.D. Mihretu, S. Rubio, Interference-free method for determination of benzodiazepines in urine based on restricted access supramolecular solvents and LC-MS-MS, J. Anal. Toxicol. 46 (2022) 285-294.
    W.-H. Jiang, Z.-H. Wang, M. Zhao, et al., Ultrasensitive analysis of 11 benzodiazepines in hair samples using microfluidic technology plus LC-MS/MS, Forensic Sci. Tech. 45 (2020) 358-367.
    W.-H. Jiang, Z.-H. Wang, M. Zhao, et al., Ultrasensitive analysis of 5 benzodiazepines in hair samples using microfluidic tile technology and LC-MS/MS, Chin. J. Forensic Med. 35 (2020) 29-33.
    F.-X. Xu, K. Yang, Q. Wang, et al., Application and development of quadrupole electrode system in mass spectrometry, J. Chin. Mass Spectrom. Soc. 36 (2015) 481-491.
    H. Nozawa, K. Minakata, I. Yamagishi, et al., MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric determination of eight benzodiazepines with two of their metabolites in blood, Leg. Med. (Tokyo) 17 (2015) 150-156.
    Q. Wu, S. Cheng, C. Wang, et al., Magnetic porous carbon derived from a zinc-cobalt metal-organic framework: A adsorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction of flunitrazepam, Microchim. Acta 183 (2016) 3009-3017.
    S. Armenta, M. Blanco, Pros and cons of benzodiazepines screening in human saliva by ion mobility spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 401 (2011) 1935-1948.
    R. Cumeras, E. Figueras, C.E. Davis, et al., Review on ion mobility spectrometry. Part 1: Current instrumentation, Analyst 140 (2015) 1376-1390.
    P. D’Aloise, H. Chen, Rapid determination of flunitrazepam in alcoholic beverages by desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, Sci. Justice 52 (2012) 2-8.
    C.N. Nunes, E. Komatsu, H. Perreault, et al., A rapid screening method for the detection of benzodiazepine drugs in environmental samples by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, Rev. Virtual Quim. 12 (2020) 248-260.
    T. Guinan, M. Ronci, R. Vasani, et al., Comparison of the performance of different silicon-based SALDI substrates for illicit drug detection, Talanta 132 (2015) 494-502.
    R.D. Lowe, E.J. Szili, P. Kirkbride, et al., Combined immunocapture and laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry on porous silicon, Anal. Chem. 82 (2010) 4201-4208.
    S. Jones, E. Sisco, I. Marginean, Analysis of benzodiazepines by thermal desorption direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (TD-DART-MS), Anal. Methods 12 (2020) 5433-5441.
    S.A. Borden, A. Saatchi, G.W. Vandergrift, et al., A new quantitative drug checking technology for harm reduction: Pilot study in Vancouver, Canada using paper spray mass spectrometry, Drug Alcohol Rev. 41 (2022) 410-418.
    B. Moosmann, P. Bisel, F. Westphal, et al., Characterization and in vitro phase I microsomal metabolism of designer benzodiazepines: An update comprising flunitrazolam, norflurazepam, and 4’-chlorodiazepam (Ro5-4864), Drug Test. Anal. 11 (2019) 541-549.
    L. Banaszkiewicz, M.K. Wozniak, A. Kot-Wasik, Application of GC-MS/MS technique for the determination of benzodiazepines in blood samples. Proceedings of the 15th International Students Conference Modern Analytical Chemistry, September 19-20, 2019, Prague, The Czech Republic, pp. 131-137.
    N. Karlonas, A.Padarauskas, A. Ramanavicius, et al., Rapid and highly sensitive determination of clonazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam in whole blood using gas chromatography with negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Chemija 23 (2012) 91-99.
    G. Teemu, A. Kari, L. Pirjo, Fast gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry with microscale volume sample preparation for the determination of benzodiazepines and alpha-hydroxy metabolites, zaleplon and zopiclone in whole blood, J. Mass Spectrom. 41 (2006) 741-754.
    Z. Zhao, L. Zhang, J. Wu, et al., Evaluation of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-microelectron capture detection (GC-μECD) for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in water samples, Anal. Sci. 27 (2011) 547-553.
    J.P. Smith, J.P. Metters, D.K. Kampouris, et al., Forensic electrochemistry: The electroanalytical sensing of Rohypnol® (flunitrazepam) using screen-printed graphite electrodes without recourse for electrode or sample pre-treatment, Analyst 138 (2013) 6185-6191.
    S.A. Hassan, N.B. ElDin, H.E. Zaazaa, et al., Point-of-care diagnostics for drugs of abuse in biological fluids: Application of a microfabricated disposable copper potentiometric sensor, Mikrochim. Acta 187 (2020), 491.
    M.R. Majidi, S. Ghaderi, K. Asadpour-Zeynali, et al., Synthesis of dendritic silver nanostructures supported by graphene nanosheets and its application for highly sensitive detection of diazepam, Mater Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 57 (2015) 257-264.
    B. Rezaei, O. Rahmanian, A.A. Ensafi, Sensing Lorazepam with a glassy carbon electrode coated with an electropolymerized-imprinted polymer modified with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles, Microchim. Acta 180 (2013) 33-39.
    H. Ashrafi, A. Mobed, M. Hasanzadeh, et al., Monitoring of five benzodiazepines using a novel polymeric interface prepared by layer by layer strategy, Microchem. J. 146 (2019) 121-125.
    A. Khoshroo, L. Hosseinzadeh, A. Sobhani-Nasab, et al., Silver nanofibers/ionic liquid nanocomposite based electrochemical sensor for detection of clonazepam via electrochemically amplified detection, Microchem. J. 145 (2019) 1185-1190.
    Y. Panahi, A. Motaharian, M.R.M. Hosseini, et al., High sensitive and selective nano-molecularly imprinted polymer based electrochemical sensor for midazolam drug detection in pharmaceutical formulation and human urine samples, Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 273 (2018) 1579-1586.
    A. Herrera-Chacon, F. Torabi, F. Faridbod, et al., Voltammetric electronic tongue for the simultaneous determination of three benzodiazepines, Sensors (Basel) 19 (2019), 5002.
    J. Narang, N. Malhotra, C. Singhal, et al., Detection of alprazolam with a lab on paper economical device integrated with urchin like Ag@ Pd shell nano-hybrids, Mater Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 80 (2017) 728-735.
    M. Gao, Y. Gao, M. Tian, et al., Research on the application of optical sensor in quality and safety of agricultural products, Chin. J. Anal. Lab. 39 (2020) 1225-1232.
    O.S. Ahmad, T.S. Bedwell, C. Esen, et al., Molecularly imprinted polymers in electrochemical and optical sensors, Trends Biotechnol. 37 (2019) 294-309.
    Y.-T. Yen, Y.-S. Lin, T.-H. Chen, et al., A Carbon-Dot Sensing Probe for Screening of Date Rape Drugs: Nitro-containing Benzodiazepines, Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 305 (2020), 127441.
    R.G. Machicote, M.A. Castillo, M.E. Pacheco, et al., A molecular imprinted polymer as a flow-through optical sensor for oxazepam, J. Anal. Methods Chem. 2018 (2018), 6302609.
    H. Ashrafi, S. Hassanpour, A. Saadati, et al., Sensitive detection and determination of benzodiazepines using silver nanoparticles-N-GQDs ink modified electrode: A new platform for modern pharmaceutical analysis, Microchem. J. 145 (2019) 1050-1057.
    N. Xu, J. Bai, Y. Peng, et al., Pretreatment-free detection of diazepam in beverages based on a thermometric biosensor, Sens. Actuat. B Chem. 241 (2017) 504-512.
    E.M. Ali, H.G. Edwards, The detection of flunitrazepam in beverages using portable Raman spectroscopy, Drug Test. Anal. 9 (2017) 256-259.
    P. Samiec, Z. Navratilova, J. Fischer, Voltammetry of benzodiazepines on meniscus-modified silver solid amalgam electrode, Monatsh. Chem. 147 (2016) 127-134.
    J. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Pan, et al., Preparation of a broadly specific monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of benzodiazepines in edible animal tissues and feed, Food Anal. Methods 9 (2016) 3407-3419.
    N. Christodoulides, R. De La Garza 2nd, G.W. Simmons, et al., Application of programmable bio-nano-chip system for the quantitative detection of drugs of abuse in oral fluids, Drug Alcohol Depend. 153 (2015) 306-313.
    M.I. Mahdi, K.H. Kadhim, A batch and cloud point extraction kinetic spectrophotometric method for determining trace and ultra trace amounts of Benzodiazepine drugs (Clonazepam and Nitrazepam) in pure and pharmaceutical preparations, Curr. Issues Pharm. Med. Sci. 33 (2020) 21-31.
    M.J. Chaichi, S.O. Alijanpour, A new chemiluminescence method for determination of clonazepam and diazepam based on 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate/copper as catalyst, Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 118 (2014) 36-41.
    E.L. Doctor, B. McCord, Comparison of aggregating agents for the surface-enhanced Raman analysis of benzodiazepines, Analyst 138 (2013) 5926-5932.
    E.L. Doctor, B. McCord, The application of supported liquid extraction in the analysis of benzodiazepines using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, Talanta 144 (2015) 938-943.
    M.M. Kimani, A. Lanzarotta, J.S. Batson, Rapid determination of eight benzodiazepines in suspected counterfeit pharmaceuticals using surface-enhanced Raman scattering with handheld Raman spectrometers, J. Forensic Sci. 66 (2021) 2167-2179.
    S. Siddhanta, M.S. Wrobel, I. Barman, Integration of protein tethering in a rapid and label-free SERS screening platform for drugs of abuse, Chem. Commun. 52 (2016) 9016-9019.
    S. Han, S. Jia, L. Guo, Flow-injection chemiluminescence determination of diazepam by oxidation with N-bromosuccinimide, Luminescence 28 (2013) 888-893.
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(1)

    Article Metrics

    Article views (914) PDF downloads(23) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return