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Yi Pei, Jianqiao Yin, Jiamei Liu, Dongze Liu, Qianlong Wu, Xue Cai, Mingming Han, Yu Tian, Liyu Yang, Shengye Liu. The role of NRF2 in human cancers: Pre-clinical insights paving the way for clinical trials[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2025.101358
Citation: Yi Pei, Jianqiao Yin, Jiamei Liu, Dongze Liu, Qianlong Wu, Xue Cai, Mingming Han, Yu Tian, Liyu Yang, Shengye Liu. The role of NRF2 in human cancers: Pre-clinical insights paving the way for clinical trials[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2025.101358

The role of NRF2 in human cancers: Pre-clinical insights paving the way for clinical trials

doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2025.101358
  • Received Date: Dec. 02, 2024
  • Rev Recd Date: May 26, 2025
  • Available Online: Jun. 04, 2025
  • Tumorigenesis is viewed as a complex, multistep process in which genetic mutations play a crucial role. The genetic mutations cause notable changes, not only in the biological behavior of tumor cells but also in their reactions to treatment. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is one of the most disrupted molecular pathways in human cancers, and during cancer development, the expression of this factor rises to enhance survival rates. The NRF2 seems crucial for shielding tumor cells from apoptosis and oxidative harm, while promoting pro-survival autophagy to increase the survival rate. Crucially, NRF2 plays a dual role in enhancing both the growth and metastasis of cancer cells, and the upregulation of this factor boosts the stemness and cancer-stem cell characteristics of tumor cells, while also promoting drug resistance and radioresistance. The elevation of glycolysis, activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and inhibition of ferroptosis are additional features of NRF2 upregulation in human cancers. Among the different pathways that control NRF2, non-coding RNA transcripts play a significant role, and by altering NRF2 expression, they influence tumor development. The pharmacological modulation of NRF2 can occur through both direct and indirect methods; in the direct method, NRF2 is inhibited, whereas in the indirect method, the regulators and associated pathways of NRF2, like KEAP1, are influenced. The nanoparticles have been engineered to inhibit NRF2 in decreasing tumorigenesis. Consequently, the clinical application of current discoveries can enhance cancer treatment capabilities for patients in the near future
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