Recent advances in bacterial detection techniques targeting genetic, protein, and enzymatic biomarkers

Hanren Chen; Jiayi Xiao; Bihong Diao; Shiquan Zheng; Huaze Shao; Lihong Liu

doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2026.101584

Article Contents

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Hanren Chen, Jiayi Xiao, Bihong Diao, Shiquan Zheng, Huaze Shao, Lihong Liu. Recent advances in bacterial detection techniques targeting genetic, protein, and enzymatic biomarkers[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2026.101584

Citation:

Hanren Chen, Jiayi Xiao, Bihong Diao, Shiquan Zheng, Huaze Shao, Lihong Liu. Recent advances in bacterial detection techniques targeting genetic, protein, and enzymatic biomarkers[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2026.101584

Citation:

Hanren Chen, Jiayi Xiao, Bihong Diao, Shiquan Zheng, Huaze Shao, Lihong Liu. Recent advances in bacterial detection techniques targeting genetic, protein, and enzymatic biomarkers[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2026.101584

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Recent advances in bacterial detection techniques targeting genetic, protein, and enzymatic biomarkers

doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2026.101584

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China

Funds:

This work was supported financially by the Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project (Grant No.: 2024B03J0007) and the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant Nos.: 2023A1515010996 and 2025A1515012729).

Received Date: Jun. 06, 2025
Accepted Date: Feb. 07, 2026
Rev Recd Date: Feb. 05, 2026
Available Online: Feb. 10, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Rapid and accurate diagnosis of bacterial infections is essential for effective clinical management, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Traditional culture-based methods are time-consuming and inadequate for addressing urgent challenges such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review categorizes recent bacterial detection strategies into three major biomarker types: genetic, protein, and enzymatic. For each category, we outline the underlying detection mechanisms, evaluate analytical performance, and highlight representative technologies, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas (CRISPR-Cas) assays, advanced immunoassays, aptamer sensors, and enzyme-based assays. Meanwhile, we provide a detailed description of representative examples for each representative technology. Key metrics such as sensitivity, detection time, portability, and point-of-care applicability are compared to reveal the strengths and limitations of each approach. Translational progress is discussed with emphasis on commercialized platforms, field-deployable devices, and multimodal workflows. Finally, major technical bottlenecks are identified, and future directions are proposed for developing robust, rapid, and widely accessible bacterial diagnostics.
- Bacterial detection,
- Genetic biomarkers,
- Surface protein,
- Enzymatic biomarkers,
- Biosensors

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References(150)

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