Biomedical Applications of Medicinal Plant Extracellular Vesicles: Recent Advancements and Prospects

Ziyi Lin; Jianjun Wu; Guanfeng Xu; Jiaqi Zhu; Haitong Wan; Yu He

doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2026.101616

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Ziyi Lin, Jianjun Wu, Guanfeng Xu, Jiaqi Zhu, Haitong Wan, Yu He. Biomedical Applications of Medicinal Plant Extracellular Vesicles: Recent Advancements and Prospects[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2026.101616

Citation:

Ziyi Lin, Jianjun Wu, Guanfeng Xu, Jiaqi Zhu, Haitong Wan, Yu He. Biomedical Applications of Medicinal Plant Extracellular Vesicles: Recent Advancements and Prospects[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2026.101616

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Biomedical Applications of Medicinal Plant Extracellular Vesicles: Recent Advancements and Prospects

doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2026.101616

Ziyi Lin^a,
Jianjun Wu^a,
Guanfeng Xu^b,
Jiaqi Zhu^a,
Haitong Wan^{b
,
,},
Yu He^{a
,
,}

a. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China;
b. School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China

Funds:

This work was supported by "Pioneer" and "Leading Goose" R&

D Program of Zhejiang (Program No.: 2025C02192).

Received Date: Apr. 29, 2025
Accepted Date: Mar. 26, 2026
Rev Recd Date: Mar. 25, 2026
Available Online: Mar. 28, 2026

Abstract

Abstract

Medicinal plant extracellular vesicles (MPEVs) are a class of nano-scale membrane vesicles derived from medicinal plants. As an important mediator of intracellular and intercellular communication, they are essential for both plant metabolism and immune defense. Furthermore, they also transport bioactive components to target cells through endocytosis and plasma membrane invagination, thereby achieving cross-border regulation of physiological activities in fungi and animal cells. Numerous preclinical investigations have confirmed that MPEVs have been extracted from dozens of medicinal plants such as Ginger and Ginseng, and they have the potential to target and penetrate biological barriers. Besides, MPEVs have the advantages of wide source, high yield, low immunogenicity, excellent biocompatibility, and strong modifiability, positioning them as a scalable and sustainable alternative to mammalian-derived extracellular vesicles. Nevertheless, there remains a knowledge gap regarding the standardization of isolation and characterization techniques for MPEVs from various medicinal plants, and clinical research and application are still lacking. Whereupon this paper systematically reviews the research on the formation, classification, isolation and identification methods, biological activities and potential applications as carriers of bioactive substances of MPEVs, with the aim of promoting the establishment of research standards for MPEVs, and providing a theoretical reference for advancing the study and application of MPEVs as novel active ingredients.
- Extracellular vesicles,
- Extraction and characterization,
- Medicinal plant extracellular vesicles,
- Biological activities,
- Cross-border regulation

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References(150)

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