Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity:A review$

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in researching and developing new antimicrobial agents from various sources to combat microbial resistance. Therefore, a greater attention has been paid to antimicrobial activity screening and evaluating methods. Several bioassays such as disk-diffusion, well diffusion and broth or agar dilution are well known and commonly used, but others such as flow cy-tofluorometric and bioluminescent methods are not widely used because they require specified equip-ment and further evaluation for reproducibility and standardization, even if they can provide rapid re-sults of the antimicrobial agent's effects and a better understanding of their impact on the viability and cell damage inflicted to the tested microorganism. In this review article, an exhaustive list of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and detailed information on their advantages and limita-tions are reported.